Discrete Migratory Bird Optimizer with Deep Transfer Learning for Multi-Retinal Disease Detection
Retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and glaucoma are leading causes of irreversible vision loss worldwide. Early detection is critical to preventing permanent blindness, yet manual diagnosis remains time-consuming and subjective. Recent advances in artificial intelligence have paved the way for automated, high-accuracy diagnostic systems. Among them, a groundbreaking approach—Discrete […]


